江苏一次突发暴雨的数值模拟     

张钊扬  钱贞成  王春明 《气象与环境科学》2014,37(3):67-75

采用中尺度WRF模式（WRF3．4）和WRF-3DVAR系统,同化GTS常规观测资料和GPS反演的探空廓线资料,对2012年8月10日发生在江苏东北部地区的一次突发性特大暴雨进行数值模拟,并利用高分辨率的模式输出数据对此次暴雨过程进行多尺度分析和对流不稳定性研究。结果表明：模拟结果较好地再现了此次过程;台风低压和中纬度槽脊系统相互作用,中低层弱冷空气扩散和高、低空急流耦合为此次暴雨过程提供了有利的大尺度背景;地面中尺度辐合线和迅速发展的β中尺度对流系统（M8CS）是直接导致此次局地突发性暴雨的中尺度系统,地面中尺度辐合线的位置和暴雨的落区基本一致,M8CS的强烈发展对应于暴雨的最强阶段;暴雨发生前和暴雨发生时,对流系统中等日。线密集而陡峭,不稳定能量的突然性释放造成αθ／Oz迅速减小,口。垂直剖面呈伸向低空的“漏斗状”分布,有利于垂直涡度和对流不稳定发展。  相似文献   

Simulation of the Microphysical Processes and Effect of Latent Heat on a Heavy Rainfall Event in Beijing          下载免费PDF全文

GUO Chun-Wei  XIAO Hui  YANG Hui-Ling  TANG Qi 《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):521-526

An extraordinary rainstorm that occurred in Beijing on 21 July 2012 was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The results showed that：（1） The two precipitation phases were based on a combination of cold cloud processes and warm cloud processes. The accumulated conversion amount and conversion rate of microphysical processes in the warm-area phase were all much larger than those in the cold front phase.（2） 72.6% of rainwater was from the warm-area phase. Rainwater mainly came from the melting of graupel and the melting of snow, while the accretion of cloud water by rain ranked second.（3） The net heating rate with height appeared as an overall warming with two strong heating centers in the lower and middle layers of the troposphere and a minimum heating center around the melting layer. The net heating effect in the warm-area phase was stronger than that in the cold front phase.（4） Warm cloud processes contributed most to latent heat release, and the thermal effect of cold cloud processes on the storm in the cold front phase was enhanced compared to that in the warm-area phase.（5） The melting of graupel and snow contributed most to latent heat absorption, and the effect of the evaporation of rainwater was significantly reduced in the cold front phase.  相似文献   

Changes in temperature extremes in the Yangtze River Basin, 1962-2011   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

WANG Qiong  ZHANG Mingjun  WANG Shengjie  MA Qian  SUN Meiping 《地理学报》2014,24(1):59-75

Based on daily maximum and minimum temperature observed by the China Meteorological Administration at 115 meteorological stations in the Yangtze River Basin from 1962 to 2011, the methods of linear regression, principal component analysis and correlation analysis are employed to investigate the temporal variability and spatial distribution of temperature extremes. Sixteen indices of extreme temperature are selected. The results are as follows: (1) The occurrence of cold days, cold nights, ice days, frost days and cold spell duration indicator has significantly decreased by -0.84, -2.78, -0.48, -3.29 and -0.67 days per decade, respectively. While the occurrence of warm days, warm nights, summer days, tropical nights, warm spell duration indicator and growing season length shows statistically significant increasing trends at rates of 2.24, 2.86, 2.93, 1.80, 0.83 and 2.30 days per decade, respectively. The tendency rate of the coldest day, coldest night, warmest day, warmest night and diurnal temperature range is 0.33, 0.47, 0.16, 0.19 and -0.07℃ per decade, respectively. (2) The magnitudes of changes in cold indices (cold nights, coldest day and coldest night) are obviously greater than those of warm indices (warm nights, warmest day and warmest night). The change ranges of night indices (warm nights and cold nights) are larger than those of day indices (warm days and cold days), which indicates that the change of day and night temperature is asymmetrical. (3) Spatially, the regionally averaged values of cold indices in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River Basin are larger than those in the middle and lower reaches. However, the regionally averaged values of most warm indices (except warm spell duration indicator) and growing season length in the middle and lower reaches are larger than those in the upper reaches. (4) The extreme temperature indices are well correlated with each other except diurnal temperature range.  相似文献   

云GIS应用于数字城市设计与实现     

石永阁  ;边馥苓 《测绘软科学研究》2014,(5):35-39

针对数字城市地理空间框架建设中存在的问题,本文研究和设计实现云环境下GIS应用,构建云GIS实验环境,和传统GIS环境实验结果对比,得出结论：云GIS在基础设施框架、提高硬件资源利用率以及提供高性能的服务方面具有诸多优势,能解决现在数字城市项目建设中存在的问题,值得研究和应用推广。  相似文献   

2007年春季南黄海中层冷水特征及成因     

刁新源  王建丰  魏传杰  司广成  于非 《海洋科学》2022,46(4):1-12

本文根据2007年南黄海的CTD调查资料,分析了南黄海中层冷水的10个示性特征及其分布特征,指出2007年春季中层冷水主要出现于35°N以北的海域,核心区主要位于50 m等深线附近,中心深度位于25～40 m,宽度约为100 km,厚度为10～25 m,跃变强度为0.04～0.14℃/m。对比分析冬季与夏季温度、盐度及实测海流资料,南黄海春季出现的中层冷水主要是黄海暖流、沿岸冷水以及春季表层升温等过程的综合作用结果。  相似文献   

低温胁迫下红榄李(Lumnitzera littorea)DEAD-box RNA解旋酶基因的表达分析     

郝露露  柯明思  朱奕秀  许燕敏  张颖  郑春芳 《热带海洋学报》2022,41(6):44-55

转录组分析发现DEAD-box RNA解旋酶家族参与红榄李(Lumnitzera littorea)对低温胁迫的响应。本文对4个低温显著差异表达基因LlDEAD12, LlDEAD32, LlDEAD43和LlDEAD65的生物信息学特性、组织特异性以及在不同温度处理下的红榄李幼苗中的差异表达进行研究。结果表明, LlDEAD12、LlDEAD32、LlDEAD43和LlDEAD65均属于疏水性蛋白, 二级结构均由α-螺旋、β-转角、延伸链和无规则卷曲组成, 具有多个糖基化位点和磷酸化位点, 且不含有跨膜结构域和信号肽。亚细胞定位分析表明, LlDEAD12和LlDEAD32分别定位于细胞质和细胞核, 而LlDEAD43和LlDEAD65则定位于线粒体上。通过蛋白质氨基酸序列的比对分析发现LlDEAD12、LlDEAD32和LlDEAD43分别与马尾松(Pinus massoniana )、巨桉 (Eucalyptus grandis)和石榴 (Punica granatum)的DEAD-box RNA解旋酶有较近的亲缘关系。荧光定量PCR技术分析发现, LlDEAD12和LlDEAD32在叶中高表达, LlDEAD43和LlDEAD65在茎和花中高表达, 但这4个基因在根中都不表达, 说明这4个基因对红榄李生长发育的调控主要集中在叶、茎和花等器官。低温胁迫对红榄李幼苗这4个基因的表达均有显著的抑制, 说明它们参与了红榄李在低温环境下的分子响应, 其中LlDEAD12和LlDEAD32可能参与了叶绿体的发育, LlDEAD43和LlDEAD65可能参与到了维持线粒体功能的稳定。以上结果可为红榄李抗冷性苗木的培育提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Spatial Differentiation of the Coupling Characteristics of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen on Mulberry Plantations in China     

WANG Xie  HU Yang  GUO Haixia  ZHANG Jianhua  TANG Tian  ZENG Qiguo 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2023,14(1):84-91

Soil is the most important carbon pool of the mulberry plantation ecosystem, so understanding the characteristics of the soil carbon pool in mulberry plantations provides an important basis for the research of carbon sinks in economic forest ecosystems and farmland ecosystems. In order to explore the spatial differentiation pattern of the relationship between carbon and nitrogen in mulberry plantation soil, this study analyzed the organic carbon content and total nitrogen content of the surface soil layer (0-20 cm) and the subsurface soil layer (20-40 cm) of 475 mulberry plantations in five major regions of China, Southwest China (SWC), Central South China (CSC), East China (EC), North China (NC), and Northwest China (NWC). The research showed seven key aspects of this system. (1) The soil organic carbon of mulberry plantations was significantly different at the two soil depths. The average content of organic carbon in the surface layer of mulberry plantation soil was 10.71±7.01g kg^?1, which was 37.13% higher than that of the subsurface layer. (2) The soil organic carbon of mulberry plantations had significant differences in spatial differentiation, which was manifested as SWC>CSC>EC>NC>NWC. (3) The total nitrogen content in mulberry plantation soil had significant responses to the region, the soil layer depth, and the interaction between the region and soil layer depth. Among the regions, NWC had no significant difference between the surface layer and subsurface layer of the soil. EC had the maximum difference in total nitrogen content, with the total nitrogen content in the surface soil layer being 56.68% higher than that of the subsurface soil layer. The total nitrogen contents of the surface soil layers in the SWC and NC were 34.27% and 20.79% higher than those of the respective subsurface soil layers. (4) The mulberry plantation soil C/N ratios had a significant response to regional differences, as NWC>SWC> EC>CSC>NC, but this ratio had no significant response to soil depth. (5) Soil pH had significant spatial differentiation in relation to soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content in mulberry plantations. NWC had no significant correlation between pH and organic carbon or total nitrogen content, while CSC had a significant positive correlation between pH and both soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content. Other regions showed significant negative correlations between pH and both organic carbon and total nitrogen content. (6) There was a significant negative correlation between the C/N ratio of the surface soil layer and pH in mulberry plantations, which was mainly contributed by SWC, while the other regions’ surface soil layers had no significant correlations between C/N ratio and pH. (7) There was no significant correlation between the C/N ratio and pH in the subsurface soil layer in mulberry plantations. These results reveal that in either the research on mulberry plantation carbon pools or the innovation of green and low-carbon planting technology in mulberry plantations, the spatial differentiation characteristics of soil must be considered. Furthermore, the spatial differentiation of soil organic carbon can be used as the basic foundation for the planning and design of mulberry afforestation or ecological restoration projects.  相似文献   

User fees and the permeability of public space at municipal pools and bathhouses in New York City, 1870 – present     

Naomi Adiv  Laura Wolf-Powers 《Urban geography》2013,34(8):1071-1096

This paper examines fees for access to New York City’s public swimming and bathing spaces from 1870 to the present. We argue that, beyond generating revenue and rationing space, charges for admission to public bathing spaces have served to condition how permeable those spaces were to various groups of potential users. Municipal actors involved in administering baths and pools have used fees to maintain and order these spaces; to distinguish between deserving and undeserving users; and to include and exclude participants in an ostensibly universal public. Over time, fees have been naturalized, erasing these motivations and giving cause to their outcomes. We problematize the fee in order to address both theoretical questions about the nature of public space and practical ones about how municipal administrators govern amidst competing pressures to serve, develop and regulate urban residents and their communities.  相似文献   

Climatic change: Causal correlations over the last 240 Ma   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Stuart A. Harris 《寒旱区科学》2013,5(3):0259-0274

The climate of the Earth has been oscillating between mega warm periods and mega cold periods for 3,000 Ma. Each mega cold period included alternating major warm and cold events. The present mega cold period commenced about 44 Ma in the polar regions as the seas cooled following the loss of the circum-equatorial ocean. Before then, a mega warm period lasted for more than 200 Ma. The frequency of the major cold events within the present mega cold period is increasing, with each continent being under the influence of a different set of climatic controls. There are many causes of these shifts in climate, ranging from fluctuating meridional ocean currents, rearrangement of tectonic plates, and changes in ocean gateways. These are enhanced by a combination of Milankovitch cycles and many other medium to small oscillations and cyclic controls that cause the daily, monthly, and seasonal fluctuations in weather. Examples are given of how these can cause a change from cold to warm events, or vice versa, at present-day or mega scales, aided by eustatic changes in sea levels and changes in the distribution of air masses, sea ice, and snow.  相似文献   

西太平洋暖池海域上层海洋热盐含量初步研究     

杨小欣  吴晓芬  刘增宏  袁春鑫 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(3):60-71

基于2001年1月～2014年7月期间的Argo温盐剖面资料，利用循环平稳经验正交函数（CSEOF）分解、最大熵谱分析和相关分析等方法，研究了西太平洋暖池海域上层海洋热盐含量的空间分布、季节和年际变化特征，并探讨了其影响机制。结果表明，暖池海域近表层与次表层热含量逐年变化呈反位相变化模态，同样盐含量变化趋势也不尽相同。无论热含量还是盐含量，都存在着明显的季节和年际变化。CSEOF分析表明，暖池海域热含量第一模态空间场具有显著的东—西反相位年际振荡，盐含量第一模态则呈正-负-正的三极子模态，但时间序列显示，热含量在2007年以后经过3次位相调整，而盐含量2007年以后只经过一次位相调整，且这种年际变化都与ENSO事件有关，且热含量相比于盐含量受ENSO影响更大。El Niño期间，暖池海域西部热含量减少， 东部增加，La Niña期间则相反；研究海域南北部盐含量在El Niño期间增加，中部（暖池高温中心）减少，La Niña期间则相反；进一步分析表明，热含量变化主要受到局地风场以及纬向流的影响，而盐含量变化则受淡水通量和纬向流的影响。  相似文献